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...a between two curves <math>f(x)</math> and <math>g(x)</math> is simply the integral of the difference of the areas under each curve, <math>\int \left ( f(x) - ...t\;(u^2 + v^2)\;du\;dv</math>; and so on. For a non-flat surface, an area integral can still be used, but determining the [[infinitesimal]] [[area element]] m